Irregular verbs don’t follow the usual “-ed” pattern, so their past forms must be learned individually. Use the table below to find each verbs’ infinitive, simple past, and past participle at a glance.
| Infinitive | Simple Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke / awakened | awoken / awakened |
| be | was / were | been |
| bear (produce) | bore | born / borne |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| befall | befell | befallen |
| beget | begot / begat | begotten / begot |
| begin | began | begun |
| behold | beheld | beheld |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bereave | bereaved / bereft | bereaved / bereft |
| beseech | besought / beseeched | besought / beseeched |
| beset | beset | beset |
| bespeak | bespoke | bespoken |
| bestride | bestrode | bestridden |
| bet | bet / betted | bet / betted |
| bid (offer at auction) | bid | bid |
| bid (command) | bade / bid | bidden / bid |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten / bit |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
| browbeat | browbeat | browbeaten / browbeat |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burned / burnt | burned / burnt |
| burst | burst | burst |
| bust | busted / bust | busted / bust |
| buy | bought | bought |
| can | could | — |
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| chide | chided / chid | chided / chidden |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| clothe | clothed / clad | clothed / clad |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
| dare (modal/semimodal) | durst / dared | dared |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived / dove (US) | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamed / dreamt | dreamed / dreamt |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| dwell | dwelt / dwelled | dwelt / dwelled |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit (size) | fit / fitted | fit / fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade / forbad | forbidden |
| forecast | forecast | forecast |
| forego / forgo | forewent | foregone |
| foresee | foresaw | foreseen |
| forget | forgot | forgotten / forgot |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | gotten / got |
| gild | gilded / gilt | gilded / gilt |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang (suspend) | hung | hung |
| hang (execute) | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hew | hewed | hewn / hewed |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| inlay | inlaid | inlaid |
| input | input / inputted | input / inputted |
| interweave | interwove / interweaved | interwoven / interweaved |
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt / kneeled | knelt / kneeled |
| knit | knit / knitted | knit / knitted |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leaned / leant | leaned / leant |
| leap | leaped / leapt | leaped / leapt |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie (recline) | lay | lain |
| lie (tell an untruth) | lied | lied |
| light | lit / lighted | lit / lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| miscast | miscast | miscast |
| misdeal | misdealt | misdealt |
| mishear | misheard | misheard |
| mislay | mislaid | mislaid |
| mislead | misled | misled |
| misread | misread | misread |
| misspeak | misspoke | misspoken |
| misspell | misspelt / misspelled | misspelt / misspelled |
| misspend | misspent | misspent |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken |
| mow | mowed | mown / mowed |
| outbid | outbid | outbid |
| outdo | outdid | outdone |
| outgrow | outgrew | outgrown |
| overdo | overdid | overdone |
| overeat | overate | overeaten |
| overfly | overflew | overflown |
| overhang | overhung | overhung |
| overhear | overheard | overheard |
| overlay | overlaid | overlaid |
| overpay | overpaid | overpaid |
| override | overrode | overridden |
| overrun | overran | overrun |
| oversee | oversaw | overseen |
| overshoot | overshot | overshot |
| oversleep | overslept | overslept |
| overtake | overtook | overtaken |
| overthrow | overthrew | overthrown |
| partake | partook | partaken |
| pay | paid | paid |
| prove | proved | proven / proved |
| put | put | put |
| quit | quit / quitted | quit / quitted |
| read | read | read |
| remake | remade | remade |
| repay | repaid | repaid |
| rewrite | rewrote | rewritten |
| rid | rid / ridded | rid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| saw | sawed | sawn / sawed |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| sew | sewed | sewn / sewed |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shear | sheared | shorn / sheared |
| shed | shed | shed |
| shine (give light) | shone | shone |
| shine (polish) | shined | shined |
| shoe | shod / shoed | shod / shoed |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown / showed |
| shrink | shrank / shrunk | shrunk / shrunken |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank / sunk | sunk / sunken |
| sit | sat | sat |
| slay | slew | slain |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slide | slid | slid |
| sling | slung | slung |
| slink | slunk / slinked | slunk / slinked |
| slit | slit | slit |
| smell | smelled / smelt | smelled / smelt |
| smite | smote | smitten |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| speed | sped / speeded | sped / speeded |
| spell | spelled / spelt | spelled / spelt |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilled / spilt | spilled / spilt |
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat / spit | spat / spit |
| split | split | split |
| spoil | spoiled / spoilt | spoiled / spoilt |
| spring | sprang / sprung | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stank / stunk | stunk |
| stride | strode | stridden |
| strike | struck | struck / stricken |
| string | strung | strung |
| strive | strove | striven |
| sublet | sublet | sublet |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| thrive | throve / thrived | thriven / thrived |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden / trod |
| unbind | unbound | unbound |
| undercut | undercut | undercut |
| undergo | underwent | undergone |
| underlie | underlay | underlain |
| understand | understood | understood |
| undertake | undertook | undertaken |
| undo | undid | undone |
| unfreeze | unfroze | unfrozen |
| uphold | upheld | upheld |
| upset | upset | upset |
| wake | woke / waked | woken / waked |
| wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove / weaved | woven / weaved |
| weep | wept | wept |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
| withhold | withheld | withheld |
| withstand | withstood | withstood |
| wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |
| babysit | babysat | babysat |
| backslide | backslid | backslid / backslidden |
| handwrite | handwrote | handwritten |
| typeset | typeset | typeset |
| upset | upset | upset |
| wet | wet / wetted | wet / wetted |
| betide | betided / betid (rare) | betided / betid (rare) |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| retell | retold | retold |
| withstand | withstood | withstood |
